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Cucking stools or ducking stools were chairs formerly used for punishment of disorderly women, scolds, and dishonest tradesmen in England, Scotland,〔David Underdown, ‘The Taming of the Scold: Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England’, in A. Fletcher and J. Stephenson (eds), ''Order and Disorder in Early Modern England'', Cambridge, 1985.〕 and elsewhere.〔''Oxford English Dictionary'' includes dishonest tradesmen as well as disorderly women and scolds as people for whom the cucking-stool was used and cites its use in Vienna and that "The punishment of the ducking stool cannot be inflicted in Pennsylvania." which by implication suggests that it could be used in some other parts of the USA. http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool accessed 27 Nov 2012.〕 The cucking-stool was a form of ''wyuen pine'' ("women's punishment") as referred to in Langland's ''Piers Plowman'' (1378). They were both instruments of public humiliation and censure primarily for the offense of scolding or back biting and less often for sexual offenses like bearing an illegitimate child or prostitution. The stools were technical devices which formed part of the wider method of law enforcement through social humiliation. A common alternative was a court order to recite one’s crimes or sins after Mass or in the market place on market day or informal action such as a Skimmington ride. They were usually of local manufacture with no standard design. Most were simply chairs into which the victim could be tied and exposed at her door or the site of her offence. Some were on wheels like a tumbrel that could be dragged around the parish. Some were put on poles so that they could be plunged into water, hence "ducking" stool. Stocks or pillories were similarly used for punishment of men or women by humiliation. The term cucking-stool is older, with written records dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Written records for the name ducking stool appear from 1597, and a statement in 1769 relates that ducking-stool is a corruption of the term cucking-stool.〔''Oxford English Dictionary''. Cucking-stool has references in 1215-70 and c.1308, including the use of the cucking-stool being used for immersion in water (c1308, 1534, 1633). http://oed.com/view/Entry/45498?redirectedFrom=cucking-stool#eid and ...ducking-stool accessed 27 Nov 2012.〕 Whereas a cucking-stool could be and was used for humiliation with or without ducking the person in water, the name ducking-stool came to be used more specifically for those cucking-stools on an oscillating plank which were used to duck the person into water.〔''Oxford English Dictionary''. http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool accessed 27 Nov 2012.〕 ==Cucking-stools== A ballad, dating from about 1615, called "The Cucking of a Scold", illustrates the punishment inflicted to women whose behaviour made them be identified as "a Scold": :''Then was the Scold herself,'' :''In a wheelbarrow brought,'' :''Stripped naked to the smock,'' :''As in that case she ought:'' :''Neats tongues about her neck'' :''Were hung in open show;'' :''And thus unto the cucking stool'' :''This famous scold did go.'' The cucking-stool, or ''Stool of Repentance'', has a long history, and was used by the Saxons, who called it the ''scealding'' or ''scolding stool''. It is mentioned in ''Domesday Book'' as being in use at Chester, being called ''cathedra stercoris'', a name which seems to confirm the first of the derivations suggested in the footnote below. Tied to this stool the woman—her head and feet bare—was publicly exposed at her door or paraded through the streets amidst the jeers of the crowd. The term ''cucking-stool'' is known to have been in use from about 1215. It means literally "defecation chair", as its name is derived from the old verb ''cukken'' which means "to defecate" (akin to Dutch ''kakken'' and Latin ''cacāre'' (meaning ); ''cf.'' Greek ''κακός/κακή'' (vile, ugly, worthless" )), rather than, as popularly believed, from the word ''cuckold''. Commodes or chamber pots were often used as cucking-stools, hence the name. The cucking-stool could incidentally be used for both sexes—indeed, unruly married couples were occasionally bound back-to-back and ducked. However the device was most commonly used for the punishment of dishonest brewers and bakers. Both seem to have become more common in the second half of the sixteenth century. It has been suggested this reflected developing strains in gender relations, but it may simply be a result of the differential survival of records. The cucking-stool appears to have still been in use as late as the mid-18th century, with ''Poor Robin's Almanack'' of 1746 observing: :''Now, if one cucking-stool was for each scold,'' :''Some towns, I fear, would not their numbers hold.'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「 Cucking stools or ducking stools were chairs formerly used for punishment of disorderly women, scolds, and dishonest tradesmen in England, Scotland,David Underdown, ‘The Taming of the Scold: Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England’, in A. Fletcher and J. Stephenson (eds), ''Order and Disorder in Early Modern England'', Cambridge, 1985. and elsewhere.''Oxford English Dictionary'' includes dishonest tradesmen as well as disorderly women and scolds as people for whom the cucking-stool was used and cites its use in Vienna and that "The punishment of the ducking stool cannot be inflicted in Pennsylvania." which by implication suggests that it could be used in some other parts of the USA. http://oed.com/view/Entry/58195?redirectedFrom=ducking+stool accessed 27 Nov 2012. The cucking-stool was a form of ''wyuen pine'' ("women's punishment") as referred to in Langland's ''Piers Plowman'' (1378).They were both instruments of public humiliation and censure primarily for the offense of scolding or back biting and less often for sexual offenses like bearing an illegitimate child or prostitution. The stools were technical devices which formed part of the wider method of law enforcement through social humiliation. A common alternative was a court order to recite one’s crimes or sins after Mass or in the market place on market day or informal action such as a Skimmington ride. They were usually of local manufacture with no standard design. Most were simply chairs into which the victim could be tied and exposed at her door or the site of her offence. Some were on wheels like a tumbrel that could be dragged around the parish. Some were put on poles so that they could be plunged into water, hence "ducking" stool. Stocks or pillories were similarly used for punishment of men or women by humiliation.The term cucking-stool is older, with written records dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Written records for the name ducking stool appear from 1597, and a statement in 1769 relates that ducking-stool is a corruption of the term cucking-stool.''Oxford English Dictionary''. Cucking-stool has references in 1215-70 and c.1308, including the use of the cucking-stool being used for immersion in water (c1308, 1534, 1633). http://oed.com/view/Entry/45498?redirectedFrom=cucking-stool」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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